Traditional and Online Dating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Traditional and Online Dating - Essay Example Dating on many ways grabbed the phenomena as arranged marriage and imparted more freedom and rights to couple in choosing their life partner. Dating has been around for couple of centuries, and over these years, it has lost its real meaning. People are using this term so widely that any meeting between young or older couple comes under the meaning of â€Å"dating†. The dating started from traditional one to online dating over the course of time. Society has changed a lot, before there used to be something known as traditional dating where men and women met informally over a weekend, get together or social event. So traditional dating gives the partners a platform to see each other and then get to know each other in a real environment. Dating has lost it value after the invention of online dating sites, and other websites which initiated courtship assistance. In the earlier times, people used to meet each other in person and ask them for date, but in today’s world people enter a date as one entering a dark cave. Both the traditional and online dating has advantages and disadvantages. Any one cannot be prescribed as traditional dating is a matter of past and online dating has become a comfortable matter for modern world. ... Here they have to depend blindly on the website profile of partners. Traditional dating may be an old way of finding a partner but it works extremely well in understanding a person. Men can select their female partner from various others and this is what needed in a dating process. Traditional dating is entertaining and time taking as men can feel shy or awkward in asking women out. On this ground, online dating is apt as it allows the men or women to take on to second step without facing the stressful step of asking for a date. Many men have the terrible feeling of facing women, and hence in traditional dating men face less chance of getting women for dating. The world today is extremely fast and people need everything done in less time and effort. In that case , online dating looks enticing and worth appreciating. But people forget that things done in a minimum time especially human relationship can be hazardous rather than useful .Dating is a phenomena which involves love, passion , trust and confidence and to gauge these entire human qualities one need to take time and use efforts. So here we can find that to acquire quality in human relationship, one need to approach traditional dating. In traditional dating, people have enough time to observe a girl in a social environment or in neighborhood and ask her for a date in an informal manner. Normally, online dating allows people to analyze a person completely, but this analysis is solely depends on the authenticity of the information provided. Many a times, it is hard to determine the quality of the information provided online. In traditional dating, people are meeting only in real and get to know each other in a realistic environment. It is a matter of lives of people and a person deceiving another

Benjamin Franklin in his Autobiography Essay Example for Free

Benjamin Franklin in his Autobiography Essay Similar to Benjamin Franklin in his Autobiography and Frederick Douglass in his Narrative, Pip in Great Expectations also demonstrates the archetypal boyhood to manhood narrative. Each story recounts a journey of growth and development, of maturation and self-discovery through experience. In addition, the protagonist of each novel has a purpose which directs his actions and decisions throughout the course of his journey. However, one significant difference exists between the two historical characters and the fictitious Pip-while Franklin and Douglass both strive for realistic and self-improving goals, Pip, like his imaginary character, entertains an idealistic dream. Pip desires to leave his former social class as a common boy and advance in life as a gentleman. This idealism quickly consumes Pip and becomes both the thematic center of the novel and the psychological mechanism that encourages much of Pips development. Ironically, many instances in the novel show that the symbols and figures of the wealthy class that Pip idolizes are in fact his greatest tormenters. From their unfavorable effects on Pip such as abuse, pain, and unhappiness, manifests the idea that social standing does not determine ones happiness and well being, and most importantly, ones self worth. Even before Pip becomes a member of the wealthy class, his mere exposure to it initiates a procession of pain brought about by physical, verbal, and emotional abuse. Miss Havisham, despite her eccentricity, represents the class, wealth, and advancement that direct Pips actions and emotions for a large portion of the novel. Upon hearing about Miss Havishams desire to see Pip, Mrs. Joe pounced upon [Pip], like an eagle on a lamb, and my face was squeezed into wooden bowls in sinks, and my head was put under taps of water-butts, and I was thumped and rasped, until I really was quite beside myself (52). Dickens clever use of violent rhetoric such as pounced, squeezed, and rasped and the metaphor, like an eagle on a lamb paints an unpleasant predator-to-victim scene in the readers mind. Mrs. Joes ecstatic reaction over the idea of Pips opportunity to befriend the wealthy class makes this scene the novels first hint of social advancement that will later consume Pips life. Consequently, Mrs. Joe becomes the first instrument of the upper class to inflict pain on Pip, carried out by the violent and painful bath. The physical abuse Pip endures here, so early in his childhood, also foreshadows the misery and pain he will later encounter among the upper classes. Moreover, closing the scene with my ablutions were completed (53) presents a resemblance between the simple bath and a ritual cleansing. The word ablution is most often associated with biblical allegories where priests were required to cleanse themselves before approaching the altar of God. Dickens word choice here seems to imply that Pips violent bath was necessary not only in cleansing him, but ridding him of the soil from his common life that might taint those in higher places. This bath scene serves as the novels first subtle but significant example that involvement with the upper class does not determine well being. The pain Pip endures from his first exposure to the upper class alerts the reader that an apparently positive development in his life (Miss Havishams invitation to her world) may have results to the contrary. Apart from physical abuse and torment, Pips first interactions with the wealthy class also cause him to suffer emotionally. The general magnificence and grandeur of Satis House exists not only as a symbol of the lives of the upper class, but as a symbol of Pips romantic perception of the upper class as well. In this aspect, it is also a source of misery for Pip and he realizes, daylight never entered [Satis House] and under its influence I continued at heart to hate my trade and to be ashamed of home (125). The ornate grandeur of Satis House has raised in Pip a new consciousness of his own low birth and common bearings. After his first visit, he even lies about his experience there, unwilling to sully his thoughts of it with the contrasting plainness of his every day world, for it must remain far above the level of common doings (72). Pips first visit to Satis House is a momentous event in his life. It raises in Pip an awareness of social contrast, robs him of his youthful innocence and sense of fulfillment and thus, further exemplifies the misery that is inherently linked with representations of the upper class. With the introduction of Miss Havisham and Satis House, the character Estella moves to the forefront of the novel as the ultimate symbol of Pips unattainable dream in Great Expectations, and the greatest cause of his sufferings. Ironically, Estellas condescension and spite matches Pips feelings about himself in the world of Satis House. He accepts her condescension, Why, he is a nothing but a common laboring-boy! (60), without defending himself because he idealizes Estella and sorrowfully believes her to be right. This is particularly evident during times when the difference between their social classes manifest itself in the smallest things, I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before her contempt was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it (60). Moreover, Estella consistently refers to Pip as Mr. Pumblechooks boy (58), silly boy (266), or simply boy, using any word but his real name. This is a form of verbal abuse because it ultimately degrades Pip to a gender with no unique identity. Estella practices a deliberate cruelty on Pip that wins his deepest love and causes him to develop a passionate but unrequited devotion for her. This is one of the harshest examples of the pain and torment Pip must endure as he interacts with the upper class. Through these accounts, it becomes evident that social standing and wealth does not always determine well being. In fact, it may accomplish just the opposite-physical pain, emotional disturbance, and misery from the knowledge of ones common bearings. Even when Pip becomes a gentleman and is received by society, there is a sharp decline in his confidence and happiness that accompanies this rise in social status. Pips unofficial entrance into the world of a wealthy gentleman can be marked as the event where he put on a real gentleman suit. Interestingly, Pip describes, after this memorable event I felt rather like Mother Hubbards dog (152). While a notable occasion such as this would have naturally allowed for happiness and celebration, Pip instead compares his elevated social standing to a common animal of a childrens poem. The demeaning effect of the suit, versus its intended dignifying effect, not only foreshadows the unsatisfactory life Pip will lead as a gentleman, but poses further doubt on the hopes and ideals Pip holds of the wealthy class.

Elite Athletes are Being Paid too Much Essay -- essays research papers

Are elite athletes/sports men or women being paid too much if not how are there high salaries justified, if so, why, and how could there money be put to better use? To most people one million dollars a lot of money, to most people one thousand dollars is a lot, but even though it is hard to believe, to some people these figures mean nothing. It is no secret that professional athletes particularly those who play soccer, golf, and race F1 cars make big bucks, but people do not realize to what extent. Last year tiger woods made 87 million dollars, to put that into perspective that’s 34800 times what George Bush makes a year and he is one of the most influential, powerful people in the world. During Mike Tyson’s match against Peter McNealy he made 281,000 dollars, in a single second. This poses the question, how can he, or anyone for that matter deserve to make that much money? To become an elite athlete such as Tiger Woods, it is not easy. Statistically it is harder to become a NBA player than to become a brain surgeon. There are some key factors and sacrifices that need to happen to ensure success. Just like if someone was to become a highly successful businessmen or surgeon. 1. You need to be brought up in the right environment, exposed to the way the game works, and the correct technique involved. In Tigers case his father showed him how to play from the age of two. In the case of a businessmen, his father might have told him about the stock market etc also from a young age, this way their education begins early. 2. To most professional athletes, to realize their dream also means to forget about an education, Tiger Woods quit college to pursue a life of a professional golfer. 3. A professional athlete’s career ... ...gets paid. The money given to the athletes could be used for more probable causes. Recently Alex Rodriguez of the Texas Rangers signed a contract for 252 million dollars over a span of 10 years. This is enough money to feed the nation's poor for a year or to provide a lot more housing and shelters for the homeless. Others could benefit from the millions being wasted on these athletes. Not because the players don’t earn the money but because it could just be better spent on more important issues in our communities. In closing, these athletes are making too much money in a society that traditionally bases salaries on the value of ones work. These athletes do not know what real work is or how hard it is to make a dollar. Although their job is difficult, they do not play a role in our economy like their salaries indicate. Therefore, they should receive less money.

NAPOLEON :: essays research papers

Napoleon 1 NAPOLEON â€Å"RABULIONE† Napoleon 2 Abstract Napoleon Bonaparte was and still is one of France’s most revered heroes. Though born a Corsican in 1769, he journeyed to France for schooling at the age of nine. After an interesting and quiet childhood Napoleon joined the French artillery at the age of sixteen. Through hard work, bravery, political connections and being born during a turbulent time, Napoleon rose to the rank of General. In 1799 he was elected France’s First Consul For Life, later he proclaimed himself France’s Emperor. Napoleon reformed much of European law and spread the idea of republicanism throughout much of Europe. His ideas continue to be incorporated into Switzerland’s law. Napoleon also reformed schools and strengthened Paris’ reputation as one of the cultural capitals of the world. Napoleon’s life was not without setbacks. In 1814 he was exiled to the island of Elba, by British Allies. He was also exiled to St. Helena after losing battles at Waterloo, Wavre, Ligny and Quatre Bras. He lived in confinement surrounded by British Guards until he died on May 5, 1821. Napoleon 3 Napoleon†¦ â€Å"Rabulione† Napoleone di Bounaparte, who was also known as the â€Å"little Corsican†, was born to Carlo Maria and Letzia Maria Ramolino di Bounaparte in Ajaccio, Corsica on August 15, 1769. His family had moved there from Italy in the 16th century. Napoleon was the second of eight living children. He was named after an Egyptian religious figure. He and his older brother Giuseppe were allowed to wrestle, draw on the walls and play games in an undecorated room in the house. Napoleon also received a nickname as a child, Rabulione, which means â€Å"he who meddles in everything†(Bloom 2001). Napoleon was a very small, hot tempered youth. Though small, he would often beat up his older brother when fighting. He hade a very large ego and was very conscientious. As a child his mother often had him follow his father to the local tavern because his father liked to gamble and was not very lucky. He would have to run back and give reports to his mother. Napoleon formed many routines as a child that he continued throughout his life. Firstly, he bathed daily, as Emperor he bathed for an hour each morning before getting dressed. Secondly, he was very generous. He bestowed many awards, honors and titles as Emperor. Napoleon 4 Napoleon started school at the age of five. He was enrolled in a school, run by a nun in 1774.

Autobiography – Maxwell Joseph Delaney

I was born on the 28th of July 1986 in Greenwich hospital and I was given the Maxwell Joseph Delaney. I lived in New Cross for a quarter of a year in a cosy little flat in Florence Terrace where I lived with my Mum, Dad and my brother Nick. I then moved to Gosforth in Newcastle where I attended South Gosforth First School. In the nursery, my teacher was called Ms Handyside. There was a sandpit, paddling pool, toy den and a library, I used the toy den the most because it had toy motorbikes, I used to run riot with them. I had my 6th birthday in my back garden. It was excellent! There were some people dressed up as cartoon characters. There was Bart Simpson, The Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles and Barney the dog. My dog Cher chased Barney around the garden. I lived in Newcastle until I was 8 then I moved back down to London where I lived in Blackheath, I started in year 3 at John Ball Primary School. My teacher was called Ms Carter, the first person I met was a boy called Patrick. On the first day a boy called Michael Leal got rather emotional over a few Maths questions he got wrong, it was hilarious! Every time the teacher said it was okay he got worse! In year 4 my teacher was Mr Russell, I broke my arm that year. I was coming home from football with my brother on the bikes and I skidded into his bike and I went straight over the bars. I waited in Greenwich Hospital for 2 hours before I could even be X-rayed. I was in plaster for 6 weeks, 6 glorious weeks full of no work and just laying board games in school! When I went to the hospital to have it removed they showed me what they were going to do it with I screamed! It was a big saw! I was scared at first but when they started cutting it tickled and I was laughing. On the other hand my mum wasn't, there was a lady in the bed next to me who was having nails from her leg removed and my Mum felt very faint. In year 5 and 6 I was in the school football team, we won the league both years and paid two visits for tournaments at Millwall. My nickname was â€Å"The Wall† because of my defensive capabilities. When I was 9 my Nan died. I was living in London and we were coming back from a visit up to Newcastle and that's when my Mum decided to tell me. My first emotion was sadness and I cried through the whole journey but after a few weeks I realised it was for the best as my Nan was in extreme pain as she was suffering from leukaemia. We had visited her every day in hospital. It was sad for me because I knew that she was very close to dying. There was one funny thing about it; my Brother and I would sit in the chair by the patient next to my Nan. We would touch her flowers and she would start waving her hands frantically at us. My Brother and I were not allowed to go to my Nans' funeral because my Mum and Dad wanted us to remember all the good times and not her lying in a coffin. It was the my first day at Crown Woods, I can remember waking and feeling â€Å"Oh, my God! I've got to go back.† After a long play during the summer that is genuinely how I felt. I just didn't want to go back because I knew it would be a lot harder. I was rushing about all morning trying to get everything perfect because I didn't want to slip up on my first day. I gave my Mum a kiss, she wished me luck and sent me off. I walked half way down the road and I got the feeling I was forgetting something. I dug my hands deep into my pockets and found there was nothing in them. I rushed off home and asked for some dinner money and keys! I'd just got off the bus and saw the school for only the third time and it looked like a prison but I wasn't intimidated at all. It was a day when it was only year sevens in school and I was one of the biggest so I loved it nobody tried anything. As I walked into the tutor room I didn't know anybody so I just sat anywhere, I made friends quickly with Ricky, Nick and Dan. My first lesson was English and I didn't enjoy it at all. We had to write about ourselves, it was a lot harder than Primary school English lessons. At break I played football with the boys from my tutor group. I didn't score any but I managed to make a huge impression with my football skills. I took Jorel and Ryan out of the game by dirtying them up good. The rest of the day was really boring. This year I had just moved into my new house. We weren't allowed pets as we were renting. We had received a call the previous evening to say that the landlord Ahmed was coming over to fix the plugs, as a few of them were a bit dodgy. My Mum had recently bought my little sister Lauren a hamster called Hercules. Lauren would put Hercules in a pink jewellery box and call him Duchess. It was Saturday morning at around 10:00 am, everyone was up except Nick, the landlord was due at 10:30 am. My Mum had remembered the Hamster upstairs and proceeded to mutter to herself â€Å"Where am I going to hide the hamster.† I offered her a cup of tea to calm her and we then began to think of places to hide the hamster. First of all there was the cupboard under the stairs, but the landlord might hear him, then, my Mums' wardrobe, but there was the sound thing again. We were as dry as the desert for ideas, suddenly I came up with the shed. Perfect! Ahmed would never go out there. My Mum asked me to take the hamster out there while she hovered up. I unlocked the patio doors ran out into the garden, ducked the clothesline and put the hamster in the shed. I then ran back, ducked the clothesline and SMACK! When I got up I could see my sister in hysterics. I had run straight into the patio doors and knocked myself out. The Landlord never did find the hamster.

Free Essays on Like Daughter

Childhood, affects an individual psychically and emotionally in the future. Everyone must find ways to cope with emotions brought on by painful experiences. In Tananarive Due’s â€Å"Like Daughter,† Denise attempts to mend her broken childhood by going to the extreme of recreating herself science of cloning. As a result she suffers from a nervous breakdown because of the pain she is causing Neecy. Individuals should focus on the present to work towards a brighter future instead of trying to relive the past. Through the elements of character and plot Due proves that to come to terms with childhood problems one should focus their energy on moving forward instead of erasing emotions felt in the past. In Due’s â€Å"Like Daughter†, Paige is portrayed as the protagonist with a sense of understanding and knowledge while Denise is the antagonist who makes an extreme decision. Although best friends and godmother to Neecy Paige insisted on keeping distance from Denise for fear on interfering with Denise’s plans to provide herself (Neecy) with a decent childhood. Paige states, â€Å"That was the other reason I’d kept some distance from Denise, I hadn’t wanted to be there to poke holes in what she was trying to do†¦her life could trot on happily ever after, just the way she’d planned, but that’s a lie, too†¦she sounded as if she’d died.† (92) Even without intruding on Denise’s life, Denise causes Neecy to endure pain (cry) proving Paige right that trying to recreate a childhood without flaws is impossible. Denise becomes emotional and can not stand to look at her young self hurt again. When Paige calls Denise Neecy she becomes excited and yells in a bitter tone, â€Å"I can’t stand to look at her.† (91) â€Å"Don’t call me Neecy, don’t you know better?† (95) Denise wants the name Neecy to represent the new childhood she created instead of the childhood she received. When Paige calls her Neecy she remembers her ... Free Essays on Like Daughter Free Essays on Like Daughter Childhood, affects an individual psychically and emotionally in the future. Everyone must find ways to cope with emotions brought on by painful experiences. In Tananarive Due’s â€Å"Like Daughter,† Denise attempts to mend her broken childhood by going to the extreme of recreating herself science of cloning. As a result she suffers from a nervous breakdown because of the pain she is causing Neecy. Individuals should focus on the present to work towards a brighter future instead of trying to relive the past. Through the elements of character and plot Due proves that to come to terms with childhood problems one should focus their energy on moving forward instead of erasing emotions felt in the past. In Due’s â€Å"Like Daughter†, Paige is portrayed as the protagonist with a sense of understanding and knowledge while Denise is the antagonist who makes an extreme decision. Although best friends and godmother to Neecy Paige insisted on keeping distance from Denise for fear on interfering with Denise’s plans to provide herself (Neecy) with a decent childhood. Paige states, â€Å"That was the other reason I’d kept some distance from Denise, I hadn’t wanted to be there to poke holes in what she was trying to do†¦her life could trot on happily ever after, just the way she’d planned, but that’s a lie, too†¦she sounded as if she’d died.† (92) Even without intruding on Denise’s life, Denise causes Neecy to endure pain (cry) proving Paige right that trying to recreate a childhood without flaws is impossible. Denise becomes emotional and can not stand to look at her young self hurt again. When Paige calls Denise Neecy she becomes excited and yells in a bitter tone, â€Å"I can’t stand to look at her.† (91) â€Å"Don’t call me Neecy, don’t you know better?† (95) Denise wants the name Neecy to represent the new childhood she created instead of the childhood she received. When Paige calls her Neecy she remembers her ...

Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Tourism In Kermanshah Tourism Essays

Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Tourism In Kermanshah Tourism Essays Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Tourism In Kermanshah Tourism Essay Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Tourism In Kermanshah Tourism Essay This survey examines local people perceptual experiences about societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry in the cultural heritage finish of Kermanshah in Iran. The survey focused on occupants in the locality of two popular heritage attractive forces in the part. Harmonizing to the study, a high per centum of the replies, emphasizes the positive impacts of touristry toward local people. Besides, societal facets of touristry impacts are found to be the strongest and most favourable perceptual experiences. The Findings in Semi structured interviews with occupants supported the study consequences. Local communities are known as cardinal stakeholders in leisure and touristry direction. Tourism has to be managed with the aid and involvement of all stakeholders in a given district with a focal point on local dwellers. ( Guyer and Pollard, 1997 ) .Considering the importance of occupants, who have a cardinal function in touristry, many surveies are carried out by the research workers in the developed states about local community toward touristry. Among them are Lankford and Howard ( 1994 ) , Hernandez et al. , ( 1996 ) , Schroeder ( 1996 ) , Ryan and Montgomery ( 1994 ) , Nicholas ( 2007 ) , Williams and Lawson ( 2001 ) . But unluckily, barely any work has been devoted to analyzing occupants attitudes in developing states ( Lepp, 2007 ) . Kermanshah state of Iran, counts as one of the chief touristry finishs in the part. The intent of this survey is to place the perceptual experiences of occupants in the locality of two chief touristry finishs of Kermanshah towards touristry impac ts. Iran is the 18th largest state in the universe in footings of country. It is located in southwesterly Asia and covers the land country of more than 1,648,000km2. It has a population of over 70 million ( Statistical Centre of Iran, 2006 ) . Throughout history, Iran has been of geostrategic importance because of its cardinal location in Eurasia. It occupies an of import place in the universe economic system due to its big militias of crude oil and natural gas. The state possesses one of the universe s oldest uninterrupted major civilisations, with historical and urban colonies day of the month back to more than 5000 BCE. It is rich with the history of humanity and has a high concentration of archeological sites ( Zendeh Deh, 2001 ) . There are 10 historical sites listed under the World Heritage list, while 60 more sites are tentatively listed ( UNESCO, 2009 ) . Heritage attractive forces give the state a good potency for touristry development. The authorities intends to develop the tou ristry sector as a cardinal factor mentioned in the national economic and societal development program. Kermanshah state is in western Iran. It has an country of 24,434.25 sq kilometer which consists near to 1.5 per centum of Iran s country. Kermanshah has a moderate and cragged clime. Evidence indicated that this state has been the place of adult male since the Paleolithic and Neolithic age. Sing the historical memorials found in Kermanshah, it was really glorious in the Achaemenid and Sassanian epoch ( more than 1400 old ages ago ) , and was extremely regarded by the male monarchs of those times. In the Islamic period, particularly in the Safavid period ( about 400 old ages ago ) , it made great advancement. Kurds, Lors, Arabs, and Turks are peoples populating in this state. In add-on to the dwellers of the town and small towns, there are mobile societies throughout the state. The prevailing linguistic communication is Farsi, but other linguistic communications are besides spoken. From the Paleolithic clip to the present, this territory has been the place of many people ( Ahmadi, 198 9 ) . The popular heritage sites of the state are Taqe Bostan and Bisotun. Taqe Bostan is a series of big stone alleviation from the epoch of Sassanid Empire of Persia, the Iranian dynasty which ruled western Asia from 226 to 650 AD. The site is located in the capital metropolis of Kermanshah and merely 5 kilometers from the metropolis centre of Kermanshah. The population of the metropolis is about 900000 ( SCI, 2009 ) . Bisotun site is located in the little metropolis of Bistoon 30 kilometres from the metropolis of Kermanshah, There are many historical memorials in the Bisotun composite. its primary memorial is the Bisotun Inscription, made in 521 BC by Darius the Great when he conquered the Persian throne. The lettering is written in 3 linguistic communications: Elamite, Babylonian and Old Persian ( UNESCO, 2006 ) . Both Taqe Bostan and Bisotun are protected under the list of the National Cultural and Natural Heritage Organization of Iran and besides that, Bisotun was registered in UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites in a determination made by UNESCO Worl d Heritage Committee and announced 13th of July 2006 ( UNESCO, 2006 ) . Bistoon is inhabited by merely 2500 people during autumn and winter ( statistical centre of Iran, 2006 ) ; nevertheless, the figure escalates in spring and summer because of more desirable conditions and more occupation chances particularly in the touristry sector. In the yesteryear, Bisotun was a small town with merely 100 houses. It was a hamlets among bargainers from other parts. It had about 25 stores included abattoir, bakeshop, food market shops. After the Islamic revolution of Iran ( 1978 ) , population increased and people started constructing stores and houses in the part. In 1996 authorities approved to alter the name of the small town into the metropolis of Bisotun. Now, they are more than 500 households populating in the metropolis. The economic system of households is related to farms, touristry and some industrial mills around the metropolis. Sing current planetary touristry tendencies and the alone heritage attractive force which the state possesses, authorities is be aftering to assist the economic system of part by developing touristry sector. The first organisation refering touristry in Iran was set up in 1935 and was called attracting tourers and advertizement . But from the clip boulder clay now, the responsible organisation for touristry in Iran has confronted many alterations from its name and its construction to its aims and policies ( Farzin, 2007 ) . After the triumph of Islamic revolution of Iran in 1978 and the starting of imposed Iran-Iraq war, touristry industry of Iran was severely damaged due to the political crises and war. But from the first development program of the state after the Islamic revolution, touristry was taken into consideration one time once more ( Safaei, 2007 ) . Iran Cultural Heritage, Handicraft and Tourism organisation is the governmental responsible organic structure to protect, pre sent, preserve and reconstruct the state s historic-cultural bequest every bit good as promote touristry development. The chief aims of touristry development in the four-five twelvemonth ( 2004-2009 ) socio cultural and economic development program of Iran ( after Iran-Iraq war ) were: presenting the civilization and civilianization of Islamic Iran, imitating local commercialism and industries and bring forthing a favourable world-wide image of the state ( Farzin, 2007 ) . Taqe Bostan and Bisotun are visited by many national and international tourers every twelvemonth. It takes merely approximately half an hr by auto to make Bisotun from Kermanshah. So normally tourists visit both of them during their stay in Kermanshah. The grounds for tourers to see the countries are to bask the alone heritage and natural beauty of the countries. The typical visit is short and seasonal. Many national Tourists normally visit these countries during the NowRuz ( Persian New Year ) period, spring, summer, and other public vacations. It is besides visited by international tourers in all seasons. Their visits are chiefly organized by circuit operators. At the extremum tourer season, they may host more than 25,000 tourers per twenty-four hours. Literature reappraisal Heritage is regarded as one of the more important and fastest turning constituents of touristry in many developed economic systems ( Alzue, OLeary, A ; Morrison, 1998 ; Herbert, 2001 ) . It is going progressively popular in the universe, and deemed of import for touristry development. Defined as a signifier of particular involvement touristry, it caters to the desire of tourers to larn about the history and life style of a finish ( Craik, 1997 ; Williams, 1998 ) . It has long been recognized that the ideological and institutional context of heritage touristry is basically different from that of general touristry ( Garrod A ; Fyall, 2000 ) . The relationship between heritage and touristry is often characterized by contradictions and struggles ( Nuryanti 1996 ) . Heritage has its exceptional values and concerns. Although, heritage touristry provides chances for many finishs, it may besides stand for different sorts of menaces for occupants. In order to minimise these menaces, there i s a demand for duologue, cooperation, and coaction among the assorted stakeholders involved ( Aas et al. , 2005 ) . The stakeholder engagement must be included in any sustainable touristry program in order to cut down struggle ( Byrd 2007 ) . The construct of stakeholders is going progressively of import in heritage direction and planning, particularly the community as proprietor and keeper of heritage ( Nuryanti, 1996 ; Peters, 1999 ; Serageldin, 1986 ) . The local communities are known as chief stakeholders in heritage touristry. Local community occupants in the locality of the heritages are progressively being afforded the chance to do determinations over their ain resources and support substructure ( Cochrane and Tapper, 2006 ) . But the status of resident engagement in touristry direction is non the same in different states. Compared with many developed states, local occupants in many 3rd universe states do non hold such chances to portion in determination doing about their hometown touristry direction. Mowforth and Munt, ( 2003 ) explain, with huge grounds, how local communities in Third World states being exploited. Small control is in their custodies to maneuver the way of touristry development in their parts. The ir positions are seldom heard and their chances to foster their low budget entrepreneurial touristry concerns are often frustrated by the bigger external investors. A big proportion of the local population should profit from touristry, instead than simply bearing the load of its costs. Furthermore, the industry ought non to bury that finishs are basically communities ( Blank, 1989 ) . In many Third World states, a more suitably planned touristry development procedure is needed which would both distribute its costs and benefits more equitably and which would be more sensitive to its societal and cultural impacts. This would non merely cut down the demand for local occupants to merchandise off quality of life and societal costs for economic growing, but would besides lend to a more loosely based positive attitude toward touristry ( Mansfield 1992 ) . Many analysts call for greater local engagement in the Third World touristry sector to allow a more just distribution of its costs and benefits ( Blank 1989 ) . Research methodological analysis In this research the perceptual experiences of Kermanshah local communities toward societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry, is presented. A questionnaire was designed for this research and assorted related literature were used to develop the points for inquiries ( Lankford A ; Howard, 1994 ; Williams and Lawson, 2001 ; Milman A ; Pizam, 1988 ; Choi and Sirakaya 2005 ; Andriottis, 2002 ) . The questionnaire was based on a Likert graduated table and it was piloted tested to hold its content validated by several touristry bookmans in Iran. Using Cronbach s alpha, the cogency of statement about touristry impact was tested. Descriptive statistic and t-test were employed as statistical techniques in this survey. Means and standard divergences are the descriptive statistics used in discoursing the distribution of responses gathered in the research. To measure the normalcy of the distribution of the informations, the lopsidedness and kurtosis of each variable were besides examined. In this survey lopsidedness was 0.239 and Kurtosis -0.201 so the distribution is comparatively symmetric. T-test was used to find whether there were important differences between respondents group mean sums and point average tonss. The questionnaires were distributed among the local people, populating or working in the locality of two heritage finishs of Taqe Bostan and Bisotun. A sum of 300 useable and completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Besides the questionnaire, writer had semi-structured interviews with occupants. Interviews were recorded digitally and transcribed while informal conversations and observations were written daily in field notes. A sum of 90 individuals accepted to hold interview with the writer. Forty one of these 90 individuals were in Bisotun and 40 nine were in Taqe Bostan. The qualitative information of the interviews were interpreted and analyzed by the writer feeling and reported eventually. Consequences Overall response rate was 53 % from the Taqe Bostan and 47 % from Bisotun. Out of 300 respondents 27 % were female and 73 % were male participants, with an mean age of 43 old ages ( 68 % are less than 35 old ages old ) . 44 % of them are married, while 51 % still individual. Sing the educational degree, 38 % indicated secondary school as the highest degree of instruction attained. While 26 % of the respondents have diploma and 8 % had a unmarried man s or higher grade. The mean length of residence was 31 old ages and 61 % have been populating in the country for 25 old ages and more. With respect to employment, 41 % of respondents province that they have occupations related to touristry. Respondents ( 56 % ) reported a monthly family income for 2009 of Persian Rails ( RIS ) 2000000-4000000 ( about US $ 216- $ 432 ) while 29 % of respondents indicated a monthly income of under ( RIS ) 2000000 ( about US $ 216 ) . Refering the community attitudes toward touristry in the country, points about societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry were studied. Descriptive statistics revealed that respondents from both finishs rated on positive statements and lower on negative statements, bespeaking consistence in the way of their perceptual experiences. Table 1 shows community perceptual experiences toward the perceived societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry. Based on the average steps of impact points, the points associated with societal impacts have the highest tonss. Some of the societal impacts, which are most favored by occupants, are as follows: addition in the recreational installations ( 4.12 ) , and Meeting tourers is a valuable experience ( 4.08 ) . Findingss about environmental impacts show that the most favorite point by occupants is Tourism provides an inducement for Restoration of heritage ( 4.18 ) , and the negative facets of environmental impacts are Crowded public topographic points ( 4.34 ) and Traffic congestion, noise and air pollution ( 3.22 ) . Based on the average steps of impact points, economic impacts points have the lowest tonss. The most favorite points are Tourism leads to more investing and disbursement ( 4.02 ) and Tourism Creates occupation chances ( 3.62 ) . The negative economic impact point is monetary values are increasing because of touristry ( 3.64 ) . The respondents have instead positive perceptual experience toward societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry. T-test statistical analysis was used to set up whether there is a important difference between the respondents in Bisotun and Taqe Bostan. The consequence of the trial shows that there are no important differences of societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry between the two territories. Interviews with local community revealed positive perceptual experiences toward economic impacts of touristry. However, most of the respondents said they expected more economic benefits of touristry particularly in employment. Many of them believe that touristry creates more occupations for aliens than for local people so Tourism gives benefits to a little group of people in the part. However, the bulk of respondents are in favour of touristry development in the country. About the environmental impacts of touristry, several respondents from Bisotun believe the negative impacts towards the community s environment. For illustration Tourists added to the traffic congestion in Bisotun during the tourer overruning period. But the streets around Taqe Bostan are wider and besides several occupants work in the stores near the site, so they were accustomed to traffic and noise in the country. In respects to societal impact of touristry most of the respondents had positive perceptual experiences and said that they are happy to run into tourers particularly from other states in Kermanshah. However, some respondents in Bisotun were concerned about the alterations that Tourism can do in their traditional civilization particularly among immature coevals. Through interviews, in whole, the respondents in Bisotun and Taqe Bostan perceived that touristry has had a positive impact on their communities and they agreed that touristry can take to development of their economic system in the part. Decision Residents attitudes about societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry in Kermanshah were studied in this research. Results showed that respondents perceived societal impacts of touristry most favourably ( 17.18 ) , environmental impacts ( 16.78 ) and economic impacts ( 16.68 ) . In most of researches, economic impacts has been perceived as favourable by occupants ( Tatoglu et al. , 2000 ) , so the consequences in this survey were about unexpected. Residents believe that touristry has non created adequate occupation chances for local people yet, but they agree that touristry can assist the economic system in the part and they have high hope and positive mentality of touristry development in Kermanshah. Social impacts of touristry were evaluated most positively by the occupants. They are really eager to run into tourers and demo their ancient heritage, but some occupants have concerns about unwanted effects or alterations which touristry may do on their civilization. In respect to Environmental impacts, they believe that Tourism provides an inducement for Restoration of heritage but crowded public topographic points, Traffic congestion and noise were found to be the negative facets of touristry impacts. Harmonizing to the semi-structured interviews, many similarities are seen between occupants perceptual experiences toward touristry in the two finishs and findings in t-test analysis indicate that differences are non important. Refference Aas, C. , Ladkin, A. , Fletcher, J. ( 2005 ) . Stakeholder Collaboration And Heritage Management. Annalss of Tourism Research, 32 ( 1 ) , 28-48. Ahmadi, Hasan. ( 1989 ) . Geography of Kermanshah state. Teheran: Tarigh Nashr. Alzue, A. , OLeary, J. , A ; Morrison, A. M. ( 1998 ) . Cultural and heritage touristry: identifying niches for international travellers. The Journal of Travel and Tourism Studies, 9 ( 2 ) , 2-13. Andriottis, K. ( 2002 ) . Residents satisfaction or dissatisfaction with public sector administration: The Cretan instance. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4 ( 1 ) , 53-68. Blank, U. ( 1989 ) . The Community Tourism Industry Imperative: Its Necessity, Opportunities, and Potentials. State College: Venture Publishing. Byrd, E 2007 Stakeholder in Sustainable Tourism Development and their Functions: Using Stakeholder Theory to Sustainable Tourism Development. Tourism Review 62 ( 2 ) :6-13. Choi, H. S. , A ; E. Sirakaya. ( 2005 ) . Measuring Resident Attirudes toward Sustainable Tourism: Development of a Sustainable Tourism Attitude Scale. Journal of Travel Research, 43 ( 4 ) , 380-394. Cochrane, J. , A ; R. Tapper. ( 2006 ) . Tourism s Contribution to World Heritage Site Management in Managing World Heritage Sites, A. Leask and A. Fyall, eds. , pp. 97-109. Craik, J. ( 1997 ) . The civilization of touristry. In C. Rojek, A ; J. Urry ( Eds. ) .Touring civilizations: Transformations of travel and theory ( pp.113-136 ) . London: Routledge. Farzin, m. ( 2007, January ) . Study and analysis of Irans touristry policies in the 4th development program, asareh, pp. 17-26. Garrod, B. , A ; Fyall, A. ( 2000 ) . Pull offing heritage touristry. Annalss of Tourism Research, 27 ( 3 ) , 682-708. Guyer, C. , Pollard, J. ( 1997 ) . Cruise visitant feelings of the environment of the Shannon-Erne waterways system. Journal of Environmental Management 51, 199-215. Hall, C. M. , A ; S. Page. ( 2000 ) . Tourism in South and South-East Asia. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Herbert, D. ( 2001 ) . Literary topographic points, touristry and the heritage experience. Annalss of Tourism Research, 28 ( 2 ) , 312-333. Hernandez, SA. , Cohen, J. , A ; Garcia, HI. ( 1996 ) . Residents attitudes towards an instant resort enclave. Annalss of Tourism Research, 23 ( 4 ) , 755-779. Iran Statistical Center. ( 2009 ) . lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sci.org.ir gt ; ( accesed January 2009 ) . Persian Cultural Heritage, Handicraft and Tourism Organization, Bisotun Research Center. ( 2004 ) . lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.Bisotun.ir gt ; ( accesed January 2009 ) . Lankford, S. V. A ; Howard, D. R. ( 1994 ) . Developing a touristry impact attitude graduated table. Annalss of Tourism Research, 21 ( 1 ) , 121-139. Lepp, ( 2007 ) . Residents attitudes towards touristry in Bigodi small town, Uganda. Tourism direction, 28, 876-875. Mansfeld, Y. ( 1992 ) . Group Differentiated Perceptions of Social Impacts. Related to Tourism Development. Professional Geographer 44, 377-392. Mowforth, M. , A ; Munt, I. ( 2003 ) . Tourism and sustainability: Development and new touristry in the Third World ( 2nd ed. ) . London: Routledge. Nicholas, N. L.2007 Stakeholder Perspectives on the Pitons Management Area in St. Lucia: Potential for Sustainable Tourism Development. PhD thesis in Recreation, Parks and Tourism. University of Florida, United States. Nyaupane, G. , A ; Thapa, B. ( 2004 ) . Evaluation of Ecotourism: A Comparative Appraisal in the Annapurna. Conservation Area Project, Nepal. Journal of Ecotourism, 3, 20-45. Nuryanti, W. ( 1996 ) . Heritage and Postmodern Tourism. Annalss of Tourism Research, 23, 249-260. Peters, H. , ( 1999 ) . Making Tourism Work for Heritage Preservation: Lijiang, A Case Study.In UNESCO and The Nature Conservancy, Yunnan. International Conferenceon Anthropology, Chinese Society and Tourism, Kunming. Ryan, C. , A ; Montgomery, D. ( 1994 ) . The attitudes of Bakewell occupants to touristry and issues in community antiphonal touristry. Tourism Management, 15 ( 5 ) , 358-369. Roberts, L. , A ; F. Simpson 1999 Developing Partnership Approaches to Tourism in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 7:314-330. Safaei, f. ( 2007 ) High council of cultural heritage and touristry, from menaces to chances. Asareh, 90, p. 2. Schroeder, T. ( 1996 ) The relationship of occupants image of their province as a tourer finish and their support for touristry. Journal of Travel Research, 34 ( 4 ) , 71-73. Serageldin, I. ( 1986 ) Financing the Adaptive Reuse of Culturally Significant Areas. In the Challenge to our Cultural Heritage: Why Continue the Past, R. Isar, ed. , pp. 67-95. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press. Tatoglu, E. , Erdal, F. , Ozgur, H. , A ; Azakli, S. ( 2000 ) . Resident perceptual experience of the impacts of touristry in a Turkish resort town. [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opf.slu.cz/vvr/akce/turecko/pdf/Tatoglu.pdf ( January 25, 2009 ) UNESCO. ( 2006 ) . UNESCO universe heritage site lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.worldheritagesite.org gt ; acceses January 2009 ) . Williams, J. , A ; R. Lawson 2001 Community Issues and Resident Opinions of Tourism. Annalss of Tourism Research, 28, 269-290. Zolfagharia, M. A ; Cheginib, N. A ; Malianc, A. ( September, 2005 ) PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DARIUS MONUMENT AT BISOTUN, paper presented at CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, Torino, Italy.

How to Be an Author 5 Personality Characteristics to Nurture

How to Be an Author 5 Personality Characteristics to Nurture How to Be an Author: 5 Personality Characteristics You Want to Nurture Becoming a new author requires a unique fortitude and strength of character.Writing a book forces you to plan, write, and edit between 50,000 to 100,000 words!It also requires working with an editor, a publisher (or self-publishing), a design team, and developing a book launch strategy  to get readers to see your upcoming bestseller on Amazon. This amount of work can feel overwhelming and can easily crush your confidence.But what makes new authors become bestsellers like Stephen King comes down to one factor: hard work.Writing takes tremendous effort, but more importantly, requires a strong mindset. Having coached and taught so many successful writers ourselves, we’ve studied and compiled all of their strongest personal qualities that you can adopt and apply to your life to become an author.This guide covers how to:Exercise PatienceApply ConsistencyPractice OptimismValue CriticismBe EmpatheticLet’s reveal how these qualities can shape you to become a published author. 1. Exercise PatienceWriting a book is not an overnight process. It takes a lot of time! Part of learning how to be a professional writer means that you have to cultivate not only discipline and focus, but patience.The good news is that patience is something that can be developed with practice. Suzannah Windsor Freeman, author of The Busy Mom’s Guide to Writing, discovered that infinite patience was the key to her success.Freeman also famously said, â€Å"If your dream were to be a concert pianist, you wouldn’t expect to sit down and just play. You’d take lessons for many years, practice every day, and sacrifice a great deal in order to achieve that dream. So, why do we expect ourselves to be able to write well without the same level of commitment and patience?† Her words advocate that the more time you spend practicing your craft with patience, the better writer you will become.Action Plan:  Cultivate patience by practicing your craft everyday. Whether its creative writing or creating short stories, experiment with any form of writing to improve your skills and develop great ideas.2. Apply ConsistencyTo become a professional writer, you must treat writing like a serious job. This means that you must commit to a consistent schedule and adhere to a writing process in order to develop good habits and not waste time.Consider the following strategies to make yourself more consistent as you start the writing process:Emulate the â€Å"Calendar Strategy.†Ã‚  With a calendar, mark an X for each day you write and make it a goal to not break the chain.Find your creative space.  Find and create your own space where you’re most comfortable and creative. Whether its your office, a coffee shop, or even your kitchen, use it as your place to write everyday.Create a writing schedule. Writing at the same time everyday will develop a consistent writing habit. Consistent writing actually creates a muscle memory, triggering your brain t o turn on creativity when you sit down to write.For more writing strategies, check out our guide on 7 Strategies to Start Writing Your Book Today.Action Plan:  Experiment with these methods to optimize your writing process. Following a consistent plan will easily double your output and complete your book in no time.3. Practice OptimismPsychologists say  that practicing optimism  can help you be more productive and live a happier life. It can also help you  overcome inevitable pitfalls like writer’s block. The best part is, you can  train yourself to think more positively and take on even the worst  events that can negatively impact your life.Here are a few ways to practice optimism:Anticipate a positive outcome.  Our realities  reflect what we think, making our perception of reality the mirror of our thoughts. So having a positive attitude will always increase your  optimism,  even at your worst.Share your optimism with others. Optimism is a contagious att itude powerful enough to shift the momentum of any negative situation to a positive one. So share your   positivity with others and build that unshakable force to complete your goal.Remove all negativity.  Negativity will bring you down, and surrounding yourself with it will encourage more pessimistic thoughts and self-doubt. Avoid it at all cost.Action Plan:  In your writing process, come up with both negative and positive outcomes for any given situation. For each negative situation, try to look for positive outcomes and work towards turning it into a favorable result.4. Value CriticismNo matter how amazing your book is, there’s always someone who will harshly criticize your work. Instead of viewing it as a humiliating remark, learn to apply the feedback to your writing.Developing a thick skin is one the hardest things to do, and like many of the other characteristics, takes time to build.When writing your book, you can build resilience  to criticism by practicing t he following:Anticipate harsh edits and rearrangements across your entire book.Prepare to cut out your favorite paragraphs or sentences.Count on reading  plenty of negative reviews on Amazon, social media or by the press.Action Plan: Try to find positive feedback from every negative criticism or review on your book. Make it a goal to develop enough flexibility so that one day it will no longer bother you.5. Be EmpatheticKnow that by sharing your story, you’re helping someone else. Your unique experience will empathize with readers and they will draw strength from the words you wrote in your book.Here are two successful authors whose work has touched many readers:Professor Randy Pausch, author of The Last Lecture, was faced with a terminal illness at a young age. Rather than wallow and fade away, he used his last days to create his masterpiece. His book wasn’t about death, but rather short stories that advocated the importance of overcoming hurdles and capturing every moment you have to live for. His generosity to share his life resonated with readers as a tale of courage and inspiration to anyone facing similar adversities.Elizabeth Gilbert, bestselling author of Eat, Pray, Love,  wrote her memoir while going through a devastating divorce that left her full of anxiety and panic. She stressed the importance of discovering the best version of herself by leaving behind her previous life to set out to explore the different aspects of nature within food, travel, and love. Her painful story of loss and regrowth profoundly connected to readers so much that it eventually became a movie.Action Plan:  Make the effort to write down the biggest obstacles you’ve encountered and explain how you have dealt with them. You will be surprised to see how meaningful your story is to your readers.Adopting these characteristics  can mean the difference between seeing your name on the best-seller list and never publishing your first book. Applying these p ractices not only help you become a published author, but also a better person.

Strategic Leadership on Alliance or Vertical Integration Case Study on Essay

Strategic Leadership on Alliance or Vertical Integration Case Study on Cisco Systems - Essay Example It also wanted to use the expertise of employees of acquired companies. Cisco's employee friendly policies was instrumental to its success. This acquisition policy has played a key role in the swift development of hardware components used in the Internet field. As all the acquired companies had their own infrastructure and clientele base, it helped Cisco in development and expansion. Although it maintained its leadership role in the market, yet this did not deter it from entering into partnerships with other manufacturing and software designing companies. Morgridge's philosophy proved very successful. The strategy of integration with competitors and other associated companies have made Cisco a world leader in the field of Internet and IT. 2. Hi Writer, I think this framework will help you better. Forget about the write up. Please help to identify all the factors and analyze why it is important from the perspective of customer, employer and writer. I am very sorry, but when reading your paragraph, I am not clear even after reading a few times how to pluck the factors into the following table. This is exactly what the question is asking for. Thanks. 3) Many factors favor the purchase of INS. INS is a leading network consulting company with about 2000 employees. Most of them are senior professionals in their field of expertise. It is a rapidly growing company with very good market share.

The Book of Romans Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Book of Romans - Term Paper Example Jewish Christian: What did you receive through Jesus? Saint Paul: I received apostleship and grace so that I would be able to proclaim the word of the lord. Jewish Christian: What was the main reason of writing the Book of Romans? Saint Paul: the main reason for writing this book was to share the word of God to all the people of Rome. Jewish Christian: why do you confer to the holy people residing in the city of Rome? Saint Paul: I confer to them through grace and peace that is obtained from God and passed to us through Jesus Christ. I believe that Grace is regarded as a blessing and strength from God. Divine peace indicates the presence of Christ in our mind and heart (Lin 32). Jewish Christian: Why are you not ashamed of the Good News? Saint Paul: This is because the power of God to offer salvation to every individual who believes in him. Jewish Christian: how will God deal each person during the hour of judgment? Saint Paul: Basically, according to what he or she has done. Being a teacher and apostle of God, I believe that I am a classic example of a person saved by the righteousness of God. We should be saved by God’s grace and not by the Jewish law (Stendahl 43). Jewish Christian: What is the true attitude of God towards sin? Saint Paul: regards of you being a Jew or a Christian, everybody will have to pay for their sins. Nobody can escape judgment day. Jewish Christian: Who is justified in the eyes of God? Saint Paul: The people who are justified in the sight of God are not the hearers of the law but it is the doers of the law. Jewish Christian: what are the personal questions that a Jew is supposed to ask himself? Saint Paul: if you are a person who teaches the Law of Moses to other, are you also teaching yourself? If you claim that a man should not steal, then why do steal? If you say thy shy not commit adultery, then why does someone commit adultery? You should follow the Laws of Moses to the latter. Jewish Christian: Who do you believe is a tru e Jew? Saint Paul: a true Jew is a person that follows his religion inwardly. This is a spiritual convent with you and your God. Jewish Christian: regardless of religion what can you say about righteousness? Saint Paul: A man will be regarded as righteousness as long as he places his faith on God. The law does not define this. Jewish Christian: Thank you for your time Saint Paul: you are welcome. Analysis and issues raised This book provides good insight of the perspective and sociological approaches that help to understand the practices of the Jewish communities. This was evident in the first century when the Romans and the Roman society were experiencing some tension with regards to Paul’s mission for the churches (Engberg-Pedersen 54). The Book of Romans is basically about the life of Paul, who is the apostle of Christ to the Jews and Gentiles. Despite the fact that this is not a comprehensive biography, this book provides a segment of Paul’s life when he had to str uggle with the spread of Gospel amongst God’s people. The issue of whether or not to engage with the Gentile mission was quite a daunting task since there was a serious tension in early Christianity while it was still a Jewish phenomenon. Paul had to deal with a clash between the Gentiles and the Jews both in the practical and theological terms. Paul had a difficult time defending the gospel. One of the reasons why Paul wrote the book to the Romans is because he saw that the Romans lacked leadership as there were no apostolic leaders (Porter 65). Christianity in Rome was not

Sales planning and operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sales planning and operations - Essay Example Sales can be stated as the lifeblood of a business.Earning sustained profitability is the basic aim of conducting sales activities in an organisation. In order to boost up the sales of LPPT Cola in the market, the corporation needs to identify the target market for their offered products. Subsequently, after recognising premium target consumer segment of the products which can facilitate to increase the sales of the company in the long run, the organization needs to make a comprehensive market analysis to recognise the specific requirement trends of the customers from the offered product (Treace, 2013). In the following step, LPPT Cola needs to make an outline of their sales plan. The company needs to study its targeted market thoroughly and consequently it needs to analyse the sales objectives as well as the requirement of manpower to reach the end-users (IILM, n.d.). As a Sales Director, there is a need to have a directional plan in place for the entire sales team at the outset. Mo reover, a contingency plan also needs to be prepared so that any untoward scenario in terms of unavailability of a sales team member is handled efficiently. At the same time, if the Sales Director of LPPT Cola finds it to be necessary, he can even interact with the concerned authorities of the same industry, which will help him to advise the marketing manager to sketch a detailed structure of the plan (The Sales Management Association, 2013). After the determination of the targeted market and sketching the sales plan, the next process will be the creating a network or connectivity. To make the consumers aware of the products of LPPT Cola, at the initial stage, the organization can take the aid of strategies such as telemarketing, e-mailing and door-to-door selling among others. In terms of pricing of the products, it is essential to prepare a competitive pricing to mitigate the threat of substitute products. With regard to the sales force, LPPT Cola needs to inculcate the strategy o f planning, coordination, controlling and motivating to ensure that customers are offered with best possible service. This strategy can ensure a sustained profitability from sales activities in the long run (Kundu, n.d). Structure of the Sales Department Learning Outcome (b) Business objectives are the aims, purposes and goals of the business. The significant role of business is to achieve its goals. The main objective of the business is to maximize its profitability. Operating business cannot have only one objective because a company needs to meet the demands of different stakeholders such as employees, consumers, creditors and shareholders among others. In terms of the stages or processes involved in an organisational sales strategy, it can be said that the primary facets involve: Preparing sales objectives Studying sales market environment Recognising the various alternatives available Assessing the alternatives and selecting the best possible one for the organisation Preparing s ales budget and forecast Formulating sales plan and gaining approval of the management Executing the sales plan with the help of appropriate human resource allocation Making an evaluation and review of the sales plan Source: (Trehan & Trehan, n.d.) There are four basic sales strategies such as account targeting, sales channel, selling and relationship, the categorization of these accounts within a targeted market for incorporating strategic approaches in the sales, through accounting groups or accounting. An organized selling procedure for each accounting targeting, sales channel, relationship and selling strategy develops effective and efficient selling procedure which is a significant in

Media Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media Ecology - Essay Example As the physical and social environments have their effect on human society, similarly, in today's era, environments created by media also play an important role on the psyche human society. Therefore, it would not be far from truth if we call the study of relationship between environment created by media and the society as "media ecology". According to the Media Ecology Association, media ecology can be defined as "the study of media environments, the idea that technology and techniques, modes of information and codes of communication play a leading role in human affairs." Therefore, in this discourse an effort will be made to understand media ecology by addressing following three aspects:- There is a strong interconnectivity between different forms of media. Their effectiveness is along two strings. One is their indigenous and the second is an ability to complement the other form of media. Therefore, each media enables to form two types of environment. One which is formed by a particular media itself and the second one is formed by complementing the other forms of media. To elucidate the above point further, we take example of 9/11. We suppose that when the unfortunate incident of 9/11 took place there was only print media available. We can imagine that apart from the people who got affected, there would not be many who could have known the incident immediately. By the time print media would have conveyed the extent of havoc created by the terrorists, too much time would have been lost to create an atmosphere for global response. Still with graphic details and good script an atmosphere could have been created but for short duration. Too less and too late. Now we include radio (audio media) in the scenario. The explicit detail given in newspaper with live commentary of what all was going on would have created an atmosphere more focused on the event. Add TV (auditory - visual media) to the situation. Continuous pouring of live scenes on TV, descriptive account on radio and detailed news and views in print media created an atmosphere which was bound to last longer than what only one of the forms of media was in operation. The atmosphere is more fueled by the

Respond to post Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Respond to post - Article Example (Nomensa 2009) According to Capital Community College Foundation (2004), â€Å"a sentence fragment fails to be a sentence in the sense that it cannot stand by itself. It does not contain even one independent clause. There are several reasons why a group of words may seem to act like a sentence but not have the wherewithal to make it as a complete thought: (1) it may locate something in time and place with a prepositional phrase or a series of such phrases, but its still lacking a proper subject-verb relationship within an independent clause; (2) it describes something, but there is no subject-verb relationship; (3) it may have most of the makings of a sentence but still be missing an important part of a verb string; and (4) it may even have a subject-verb relationship, but it has been subordinated to another idea by a dependent word and so cannot stand by itself. Regardless of the rationale, fragmented sentences have tendencies of creating confusion, miscommunication, and ineffective transmission of messages. Well spoken and written languages should follow the correct grammatical rules to avoid communication problems. Procrastination means deferring or delaying action till another day or time. There have been several studies identifying the causes of procrastination – from being perfectionist, to having negative feelings and anger at the time when one is supposed to undertake certain tasks. In this regard, when one has identified the exact cause for procrastination, the person would be able to move on and to take positive action in preventing it to happen. One of the recommended measures to address procrastination is to take small steps, to wit: â€Å"remind yourself to take small steps, as each small step makes up the bigger picture. It will also help you to plan out your work schedule, and make the work seem a lot more manageable and less threatening. Similarly, even for

Media Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media Ecology - Essay Example As the physical and social environments have their effect on human society, similarly, in today's era, environments created by media also play an important role on the psyche human society. Therefore, it would not be far from truth if we call the study of relationship between environment created by media and the society as "media ecology". According to the Media Ecology Association, media ecology can be defined as "the study of media environments, the idea that technology and techniques, modes of information and codes of communication play a leading role in human affairs." Therefore, in this discourse an effort will be made to understand media ecology by addressing following three aspects:- There is a strong interconnectivity between different forms of media. Their effectiveness is along two strings. One is their indigenous and the second is an ability to complement the other form of media. Therefore, each media enables to form two types of environment. One which is formed by a particular media itself and the second one is formed by complementing the other forms of media. To elucidate the above point further, we take example of 9/11. We suppose that when the unfortunate incident of 9/11 took place there was only print media available. We can imagine that apart from the people who got affected, there would not be many who could have known the incident immediately. By the time print media would have conveyed the extent of havoc created by the terrorists, too much time would have been lost to create an atmosphere for global response. Still with graphic details and good script an atmosphere could have been created but for short duration. Too less and too late. Now we include radio (audio media) in the scenario. The explicit detail given in newspaper with live commentary of what all was going on would have created an atmosphere more focused on the event. Add TV (auditory - visual media) to the situation. Continuous pouring of live scenes on TV, descriptive account on radio and detailed news and views in print media created an atmosphere which was bound to last longer than what only one of the forms of media was in operation. The atmosphere is more fueled by the

How Does The Drug Molly Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How Does The Drug Molly Work - Essay Example Ecstasy may be called a chemical cousin to Methamphetamine. Other names are Happy Pill, X, TC, Clarity, Love Drug, Adam (The Physiologic (Biologic) Basis of Drug Addiction). The powder may be injected, snores or ingested. The drug is usually used at clubs, discos, and concerts and in other places where people need to be energetic and fearless. The drug MDMA is very dangerous and may have really unknown consequences as sometimes each pill contains different combinations of mixed substances, which have various effects. As a rule the drug makes a person alert. Negative effects of the use may be nausea, high heart rate, muscle cramping, high blood pressure, faintness, chills, sweating, tremors, involuntary teeth clenching, muscle tension, hyperthermia or even death. Side effects include anxiety, depression, the feeling of sadness, paranoia, sleep problems, confusion, irritability, fatigue, feelings of empathy and emotional sensitivity, impaired attention, dizziness, loss of appetite, con stipation, aches and pains, exhaustion and drug craving. All these effects may last from several days to a week. High doses of Molly may seize and compromise the ability of the heart to maintain normal rhythms. Molly overdose leads to panic attacks, acute delirium, loss of consciousness, disorganized thinking, overresponsive or overreactive reflexes, circulatory shock, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiotoxicity, heart damage, brain damage, organ failure, coma or death. Being short for molecule, Molly is considered to be the purest MDMA, whereas Ecstasy is usually laced with caffeine, methamphetamine or other ingredients. The Drug Enforcement Administration finds that MDMA has a very high potential of risk, that is why the most controlled substance is and is not accepted in medical treatment (â€Å"Molly,† Powder or Crystal Form of MDMA, is Popular at Music Festivals). The drug is considered to be empathogenic of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes. Molly refers to MDMA in a cr ystal form or powder and is the highest level of purity (MDMA). Chemical formula of the drug is C11H15NO2. This industrial chemical is used as the chemical synthesis intermediate in some chemical industries. TFMPP (Triflouromethylphenyl piperazine) became a legal alternative of Ecstasy or MDMA in 2001. Being combined with benzylpiperazine (BZP) the drug is often sold as ‘legal x’, ‘A2’ or ‘legal E’. The primary precursor for MDMA manufacturing is a slightly yellow or colorless liquid, which oily and extracted from the sassafras tree (the fruit or the root-bark). Different intermediates together with various synthetic methods help to convert safrole into MDMA. The most common way is via the MDP2P intermediate (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone) (MDMA). The properties of Molly are similar to the effects of Ecstasy. In case of overdosing a person may have hallucinogenic reactions. As it is not known what quantities and substances of the drug ar e injected, the danger of using it is very high. The content of MDMA pills varies from one region to another and from one brand to another. Another problem is that the drug may contain such active substances as ephedrine, caffeine, amphetamine, mephedrone and others which may be cheap and of very low quality. Very often pills that are sold as ecstasy have no content of MDMA having a variety of undesirable substance and drugs instead. The

Dramatic Irony to Build the Character of Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Dramatic Irony to Build the Character of Macbeth Essay Macbeth, there’s a passage in which the King is speaking with Banquo and Macbeth. They are in the King’s palace, commenting about Macbeth becoming Thane of Cawdor. One of the literary resources that Shakespeare constantly uses is irony. In this case, he uses dramatic irony, in which the audience is aware of a situation that the other characters are not familiar with. In this specific circumstance, he uses the irony to build up the character of Macbeth, to let the audience judge him themselves. There are various examples in which the dramatic irony is explicit. The King has high expectations of the deeds that Macbeth is going to fulfill. He trusts Macbeth and he has just been assigned to be Thane of Cawdor. â€Å"He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust†. The King is referring to the former Thane of Cawdor who betrayed him, he’s committing the same mistake twice, but he seems to be too naive, not considering the fact that maybe Macbeth can betray him too. Macbeth is not planning on doing so yet, but he is being tempted to. The audience knows that Macbeth has spoken to the three witches, that he has the idea of becoming king in his mind, the king doesn’t know this. Macbeth has been presented to us as a good person, not evil. He doesn’t seem to have any plans against the king, or against anybody, he seems to be honest and pacific. We think like this and so do the rest of the characters. The problem is that an obstacle has been placed in his way, he has been tempted, he is being manipulated into becoming greedy and ambitious. Temptation is attacking his mind, one can clearly identify this in his aside, â€Å"let not light see my black and deep desires† . He is admitting to himself that he is feeling inducement to commit a crime in order to get to the crown. The situational irony here is present because of the fact that the king is saying wonderful comments about Macbeth and he is answering him with all respect and honor, but the audience hears his aside, proving him to be kind of a hypocrite. The image the spectators have of Macbeth is beginning to change. Macbeth praises the King in each and every one of his sentences. He continues telling him how hard he is going to work for him, how much he honors him and what a pleasure it is to work directly for him. The viewers start to question the veracity of Macbeth’s statements. He seems to be trying to convince the King to trust him, when Macbeth doesn’t even trust himself because he is very confused. â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe, / In doing it, pays itself. † Macbeth seems to be honest when he speaks these words, but when we listen to his soliloquy we doubt this. This is what builds the situational irony again. The dramatic irony is a tool for the audience to learn more about the character of Macbeth. The listeners used to think that Macbeth was impulsive, naive, and good hearted, after this scene, people start to question that. This aims to the theme of the play, â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair† . There’s confusion between what’s right and what’s wrong. To this point, the spectators don’t know what to think about Macbeth, it is all summarized in what the king said, â€Å"There’s no art / To find the mind’s construction in the face. † No matter what your image of somebody is, there’s a fifty/fifty chance that this is false.

Determination of Vitamin C in Tablets

Determination of Vitamin C in Tablets INTRODUCTION Nowadays, health has become the most important property of humans life. Commonly, diets with high contents of fruits are protective against several human diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. Therefore, people are putting more and more attention on antioxidant substances such as vitamin C which is also known as ascorbic acid or more specifically L-ascorbic acid. Vitamin C is probably one of the most highly well known. Furthermore, people have become more aware to the importance of vitamin C. Hence, this causes the global market flooded with vitamin C fortified foods (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). The term of vitamin C is used as generic term for all compounds exhibiting qualitatively the biological activity of ascorbic acid. The molecular structure of vitamin C is C6H8O6 and the molecular weight is 176.1 (Ball, 2006). Vitamin C is highly polar and readily soluble in aqueous solution and insoluble in less nonpolar solvents (Fennema, 1996). It is an acidic compound due to the facile ionization of hydroxyl group on carbon 3 (pK1 = 4.17) while the hydroxyl group on carbon 2 is much more resistant to ionization (pK2 = 11.79). The structure of L-ascorbic acid is shown in Figure 1 (Ball, 2006). Ball (2006) also stated that ascorbic acid is easily and reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, forming the ascorbyl radical anion which is also known as semidehydoascorbate as an intermediate as shown in Figure 2. Dehydoascorbic acid possesses full vitamin C activity because it is readily reduced to ascorbic acid in the animal body. However, dehydoascorbic acid is not an acid in the chemical sense, as it does not have the dissociable protons that ascorbic acid has at carbon 2 and carbon 3 positions. One of the most important properties of vitamin C is that it is an antioxidant. Nevertheless, it has a wide range of antioxidant properties outside the body and can quench most biologically active radicals. It scavenges superoxide, nitroxide, hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and will reduce vitamin E (Hickey and Roberts, 2004). It is also found to be a strong antioxidant as it helps to neutralize harmful free radicals (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). Vitamin C is an almost odorless white or pale yellow crystalline powder with a pleasant sharp taste and melting point of about 190Â °C. It is not a carboxylic acid but a lactone and ease of oxidation to the presence of an enediol grouping (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). Vitamin C is highly susceptible to oxidation, especially when catalyzed by metal ions such as copper(II) ion and iron(III) ion. The functions and activities of vitamin C are based on its properties as a reversible biological reductant (Hickey and Roberts, 2004). Vitamin C participates for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of the body (Kleszczewski and Kleszczewska, 2002). Vitamin C is a natural antioxidant that mostly found in fruits and vegetables. The main sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits, strawberries, peppers, tomatoes, cabbage, and spinach. Vitamin C plays crucial roles in electron transport, hydroxylation reactions and oxidative catabolism of aromatic compounds in animal metabolism (Gazdik et al, 2008). Vitamin C can help to prevent and treat common cold, mental illness, infertility, scurvy, cancer and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). It is reported to lower cancer risk and also said to have important interactions with other vitamins. For example, excessive intake of vitamin A is less toxic to the body when vitamin C is readily available (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). Due to the great importance of vitamin C in human beings, the quantitative analysis of vitamin C has gained increased significance in several areas of analytical chemistry such as pharmaceutical and food applications (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Vitamin C is also used as an index of the nutrient quality for fruit and vegetable products. This is because it is much more sensitive to various modes of degradation in food processing and subsequent storage (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemero, 2004). It is well known that vitamin C is easily oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in alkaline solutions, while it is relatively stable in acidic solution. Vitamin C of fruit juices is readily oxidized and lost during staying of the juices (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). In the food industry, vitamin C is used as food additive (Mai and Mohammed, 2004). It preserves and protects food from any colour changes and act as an important component of our nutrition as well. Vitamin C helps to prevent the degradation of soft drinks and juice which helps to retain their flavors. Hence, it increases the quality of food and nutritional value as well (Burdurlu, Koca and Karadeniz, 2005). Degradation of vitamin C undergoes both anaerobic and aerobic pathways. Qxidation of vitamin C in aerobic pathway occurs mainly during the processing of food whereas anaerobic degradation of vitamin C mainly during storage. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the decomposition products of vitamin C and acts as precursor of brown pigments (Burdurlu, Koca and Karadeniz, 2005). Vitamin C degradation in packaged fruit juices depends mainly on storage temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen level, residual hydrogen peroxide,H2O2 left after the sterilization of packaging material and trace metal ions (Ozkan, Kirca and Cameroglu, 2004). Consequently, studies on vitamin C content in foods are important in relation to the control of nutritional labels, the update of food databases and the establishment of dietary reference intakes. Orange juice is probably the most globally accepted fruit juice and it is recognized worldwide as a good source of ascorbic acid (Sharma, Singh and Saxena, 2006). In addition, there are many analytical methods used to determine the concentration of vitamin C in the pharmaceutical samples which are colorimetric method, titration, enzymatic method, flow injection analysis (FIA) and high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Arya and Mahajan, 1997). Reflectometer is an instrument that can used to analyze many different types of test which include ascorbic acid test that is concerned in this project. It provides a simple and rapid determination of vitamin C content in many pharmaceuticals product. LITERATURE REVIEW Various methods used in determination of Vitamin C In recent years, the determination of vitamin C has become an important subject in the field of biochemistry and commercial foods. This is because vitamin C plays an important role in maintaining human health (Chen and Sato, 1995). Due to the importance of vitamin C in human beings, the quantitative analysis of vitamin C has gained a significant increase in several areas of analytical chemistry such as pharmaceutical and food applications (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). There are numerous methods for the determination of vitamin C in a variety of natural samples, biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations. The methods for the determination of vitamin C are spectrophotometric methods and non-spectrophotometric methods (Arya and Mahajan, 1997). For non-spectrophotometric methods are such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), titration, enzymatic method and fluorometry (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). Direct spectrophotometry also has been applied to determine the vitamin C content in soft drinks, fruit juices, and cordials after correction for background absorption in the UV region. Flow-injection analysis (FIA) In FIA, there is no air segmentation and it is not necessary for a state of chemical equilibrium to be reached. The sample is introduced into a carrier stream as a discrete plug. The presence of a sample-carrier interface allows diffusion-controlled dispersion of the sample as it is swept through narrow-bore tubing to create a concentration gradient. The flow-through detector monitors the change in concentration of the reaction product, which is displayed as a well-defined peak (Ball, 2006). Flow-injection analysis permits a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of vitamin C where its systems allow faster sampling rates and consumed fewer reagents compared with segmented-flow analysis (Kleszczewki and Kleszczewska, 2002). Memon, Dahot and Ansari had proposed a method by using mono 1, 10-phenanthroline-iron(III) complex as oxidant. This experiment was based on its reducing reaction on mono(1-10-Phenanthroline)-iron(III) to tris(1,10-Phenanthroline)-iron(II) (ferroin) and the absorbance of ferroin was monitored at 510nm through spectrophotometer equipped with a flow through cell (Memon et al, 2000). In this analysis single channel manifold is used as shown in Figure 3. The reagent stream is pumped at the flow rate 1.1mL/min via a peristaltic pump equipped with PVC pump tubing. The vitamin C sample is introduced into the reagent stream via a rotary teflon valve. A calibration curve for vitamin C in the range 0-50ppm was plotted from the results obtained by Memon, Memon, Dahot and Ansari which are shown in Figure 4. They also studied about the effect of reaction coil and reagent concentration. From the graph (Figure 5), the maximum intensity was observed at 50cm reaction coil. While the results of the effect of reagent concentration obtained is shown in Figure 6 indicating that the maximum signal could be obtained at 35% reagent (Memon, Memon, Dahot and Ansari, 2000). This method can be improved within certain limits by increasing the volume of the injected sample in flow injection analysis. The sensitivity is increased two fold with the increase of sample volume. As conclusion, since the time required for sample preparation is short and reagent consumption is low, hence the method is highly economical and is suitable to use on routine basis for determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparations (Memon et al, 2000). Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry Direct ultraviolet spectrophotometry is a fast, simple and reliable method for the determination of vitamin C. This method can be done through alkaline treatment and the maximum absorption of vitamin C falls at 243nm at pH2 (Yanshan, 1997). The absorption of UV light by the sample matrix was the major problem in this method. Therefore, alkaline treatment method was found to be used as background correction in blank. This is because more than 95% of vitamin C will be destroyed in 10 minutes after alkaline treatment which is in the range of pH 12 to 13 (Salkic and Kubicek, 2008). UV spectrophotometry method was found to be applicable for most fruits, fruit juices and soft drinks except those that are unstable to alkaline treatment, and were deeply colored, or contained high concentration of caffeine, saccharin, caramel and tannic acid (Yanshan, 1997). To determine the total content of vitamin C in food samples, a well-established method was investigated by Khan, Rahman, Islam and Begum, 2006 by using the 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine methods (DNPH). This is a simplified method for the simultaneous determination of total vitamin C employed coupling reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine dye with vitamin C and followed by spectrophotometric determination. The spectrophotometric method involves the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid by the action of bromine solution in the presence of acetic acid. Reaction between dehydoascorbic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine at 37 Â °C temperature for three hours will form an osazone. The solution is treated with 85% H2SO4 to produce a red color complex. The absorbance of all standards was measured at 521 nm by using a UV-spectrophotometer. The results obtained were taken to contruct a calibration curve (Khan et al, 2006). The calibration curve was constructed by plotting the concentration versus the corresponding absorbance as shown by Figure 7. The molar absorptivity, ? can be obtained using Beer-Lambert plots. The reliabilty of this method was justified by the calculations of the % of standard deviation and it was found to be varied within the range from 0.20 to 2.45%. The reliability of this method was also confirmed from the consideration of the following expected interferences (Khan et al, 2006). There are a few interferences that might affect the results. First, the interference was due to the diketogulonic acid. At higher pH, destructive oxidation hydrolysis might occur. This results in the opening of the lactone ring of the ascorbic acid and loose the vitamin activity. These processes are naturally occurred in fruits and some amounts of diketogulonic acid are presence in the fruits. Besides that, diketogulonic acid has keto group that might form osazone when react with DNPH. Hence, there is a chance of error in this method which may give false results (Khan et al, 2006). Another interference was due to the extracted glucose which contains similar structure like vitamin C. Therefore, some of the glucose may be extracted in the meta-phosphoric acid during the extraction of ascorbic acid from sample. Glucose may also cause the formation of colored complex with DNPH and gives the false result in the determination of vitamin C. This was proven in Figure 8 where there is no absorption peak around the interested peak at 521nm (Khan et al, 2006). As conclusion, the method is simple and excellent for the determination of total vitamin C in fruits and vegetables (Khan, Rahman, Islam and Begum, 2006). Fluorometric Method Fluorometric analysis has been used for ascorbic acid assay in pharmaceutical preparations, beverages, special dietary foods and even for human serum (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). This method had been reported to have successful application to a wide range of foodstuffs, including liver, milk, fresh and canned fruit, raw and cooked vegetables, and potato powder (Ball, 2006). Previously, fluorometric determinations of vitamin C have been developed based on condensation reactions of vitamin C with o-phenylenediamine and on the oxidation with mercury (II) of vitamin C to form quinoxaline derivative. The reaction products of these methods exhibit fluorescensce (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Figure 9 shows the reaction of the dehydroascorbic acid with 1,2-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride to form the fluorescent quinoxaline derivative 3(1,2dihydroxyethyl) furol[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1-one. The blank can be prepared by complexing the oxidized vitamin with boric acid to prevent the formation of the quinoxaline derivative. It is used to reveal any fluorescence due to interfering substances (Ball, 2006). Yusuf and Gurel have described a method by using Methylene Blue (MB) for the determination of vitamin C. This experiment was run by using a spectrofluorimeter to record the spectra and carry out fluorescence measurements. This method was used to determine the amount of vitamin C in the purified materials, specifically vitamin C tablets. MB is a member of thiazine dye group. It is widely used in many different areas. For example, a photo sensitizer is used to produce singlet oxygen in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cancer. The highly colored oxidized form of MB can be reduced to be colorless leuco form, Leuco-Methylene Blue (LMB) which is shown in Figure 10. LMB is the reduced and colorless form of methylene blue (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). According to Yusuf and Gurel, the fluorescence bands of MB were obtained at 664nm for excitation state and 682nm for emission peaks. This was proven by the other researchers who also examined the emission bands at 682nm for MB and 452nm for LMB. In Figure 11, the emission peak of MB at 682nm increased due to the increase of its concentration. A linear relationship between MB concentration and intensity was obtained over the concentration range of mol L-1 MB (y= 49.082x + 94.46,r2=0.9969). The excitation peak of MB at 664 nm also linearly increased depending on the increase of its concentration (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). The studies of the effect of vitamin C on the fluorescence of MB is made to avoid any errors that might affect the accuracy of the results. In order to examine the effect of vitamin C on the fluorescence of MB at 664 nm, mol L-1 MB solutions, each solution was added with different concentration of vitamin C and were prepared under nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. This was shown in Figure 12 where the spectra were recorded at 664nm (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Figure 12 above shows the excitation intensity of mol L-1 without adding vitamin C was about 1000.0 and above. The intensity was decreased by the increase of vitamin C concentration in MB solutions (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Figure 13 shows the emission spectrum of mol L-1 MB as a function of time. Each spectrum was recorded at 1 minute intervals. The results showed that the fluorescence was not changed with time, reflecting that the fluorescence spectrum of MB was highly stable with time (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). In the redox reaction between ascorbic acid and MB, the ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, while MB was reduced to colorless LMB as shown in the following: The calibration curve was made based on the concentration of MB (mol L-1). The results indicate that the fluorescence intensity of the system is a linear function of vitamin C concentration in the range of mol L-1 and the regression coefficient is 0.9941 as shown in Figure 15 (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Table 1 below shows the tolerance towards different compounds that might cause interferences in this method. These compounds are usually present in most vitamin C tablets. The experimental results showed that the presence of hundred-fold excess of the all contaminant compounds and twenty-fold excess of citric acid did not significantly influence the determination of vitamin C using this method. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no major interference caused by these compounds (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). So it is possible to use this method for direct determination of vitamin C in pharmaceuticals without separating the interfering materials. Table 2 lists the results obtained by the proposed method with triiodide method. It can be clearly seen that the results are in good agreement with the triiodide method (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Thus, the proposed method provides a simple and sensitive fluorimetric procedure by using MB for the determination of vitamin C. This experiment also shows that MB could be used for fluorimetric determination of vitamin C in vitamin C tablets although it has only slightly fluorescence property compared to LMB. Therefore, as conclusion, it can be explained that the fluorescence intensity of MB was more sensitive to determine vitamin C concentration (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Stability of Vitamin C in Orange Juice Vitamin C is very susceptible to chemical and enzymatic oxidation during the processing, storage, and cooking of food. The catalyzed oxidation pathway of vitamin C degradation is the most important reaction pathway for the loss of vitamin C in foods. Therefore, vitamin C of orange juice is readily oxidized and lost during staying of the juice (Ball, 2006). On the other hand, there are several factors that will also affect the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The factors are such as the effect of vitamin E, pH, and parameters which include air, heat, water as well as prolonged storage and overcooking (Kabasakalis, Siopidou, and Moshatou, 2000). According to Ball, a meta-oxygen-ascorbate complex is formed in the presence of molecular oxygen and trace amounts of transition metal which particularly are copper (II) and iron (III). This complex contains a resonance form of a diradical that rapidly decompose to give the ascorbate radical anion, the original metal ion, and hydrogen peroxide. This radical anion will in turn reacts with the oxygen to give dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA). For anaerobic pathway of vitamin C which occurs in the absence of free oxygen, the degradation is caused by the formation of diketogulconic acid. As the rate of degradation is maximum at pH 3 to pH 4, therefore this pathway is mostly responsible for anaerobic loss of vitamin C in canned grapefruit and orange juices (Ball, 2006). Effect of vitamin E on the stability of vitamin C in orange juice Vitamin E is a fat soluble antioxidant that has four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. In nature, these four tocopherols and four corresponding tocotrienols are designated as alpha-(?), beta-(?), gamma-(?) and delta-(?) according to the number and position of methyl substituent in chromonal ring (Ball, 2006). The vitamin E functions as a biological antioxidant by protecting the vital phospholipids in cellular and subcellular membranes from peroxidative degeneration. Vitamin E mostly accumulates in body which are liver and pancreas. But unlike vitamins A and D, vitamin E is essentially nontoxic (Ball, 2006). Nagymate and Fodor (2008) have designed a method to study the effect of vitamin E on the stability of vitamin C. In this experiment, vitamin E stock solution was prepared by dissolving ?-tocopherol in absolute ethanol. The orange juice which contained vitamin E and vitamin C was used as sample. The storage temperature of the vials was 4Â °C and they were covered with aluminium foil to prevent the effect of sunlight. Besides, two different temperatures were used to examine the effect of vitamin E at that temperature which half of the samples were stored at 20Â °C. On the other hand, the additive effect of these vitamins was also examined but only cool samples (4Â °C) were used for this experiment. Two samples were prepared which one contained vitamin E stock solution and vitamin C stock solution while another contained only vitamin C stock solution. The samples were analysed once a week for five weeks (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008). The results of the stability of vitamin C show that the presence of vitamin E influenced the decay of vitamin C. Figure 17 shows that there were differences between samples with or without vitamin E. From figure 17, it can be clearly seen that the concentration of vitamin C without vitamin E fell down to 1.2mg/L on the second day. However, in the presence of both vitamins, the decay was also observed, but it was lesser. The concentration of vitamin C in the orange juice with vitamin E was 13mg/L in the fifth week. As a result, it seems that vitamin E stabilized vitamin C in orange juice at a determined concentration. This is because vitamin E delay the oxidation of vitamin C thus, enhances the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The combination of vitamin C with vitamin E makes the orange juice more stable and slower the degradation of orange juice. This concluded that orange juice with vitamin E addition is a good way to preserve the vitamin C content during storage (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008). Effect of temperature on the stability of vitamin C in orange juice Vitamin C of fruit juice is readily oxidized and lost depends on the conditions of storage. There are studies about the determination of the amounts of vitamin C content in fruit juices under different storage conditions. Kabasakalis, Sipadou and Moshatou had done an experiment to determine the rate loss of vitamin C with respect to time and temperature of storage. A long-life and short-life commercial orange juice 100% without preservatives and fresh orange juice were used for analysis. In this experiment, the days before the expiration date were recorded in Table 3 and Table 4 to observe the loss of vitamin C in short-life and long-life orange juice 100% as the expiration date was approached (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). Table 5 shows the loss of vitamin C from fresh and long-life commercial orange juice 100% during a 31 days period, with measurements made every 1 to 3 days. The samples were refrigerated into containers which after the initial measurement remained either open or with closed cap until the next measurement. Based on the results shown in table 5, the magnitude of vitamin C did not differ significantly between open and closed cap for both juices. The commercial orange juice lost higher amounts of vitamin C compared with fresh orange juice. As reported, decreases of vitamin C upon storage did not correspond to increases of dehydroascorbic acid levels. In fact, there was an increase of dehydoascorbic acid levels in aseptically packaged orange juices. This means that the overall nutritional quality of orange juices is affected upon storage (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). The loss of the vitamin C in a commercial long-life orange juice 100% stored in refrigerator and non-refrigerated for a period of 10 days in open containers were shown in Figure 18 (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). According to Figure 18, non-refrigerated samples show higher percentage loss of vitamin C as compared to refrigerated samples. This is because the dehydoascorbic acid, the oxidized form of ascorbic acid was more stable at lower temperatures. Thus, the vitamin C, in the form of dehydroascorbic acid for refrigerated orange juice was well retained than non-refrigerated orange juice (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the stability of orange juice Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 is the primary chemical for sterilization of plastic packaging material used in aseptic system. Aseptic packaging technology is widely used by fruit juice industry for the production of shelf-life stable fruit juices. A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation currently limits the residual of H2O2 to 0.5ppm, leached into distilled water, in finished food packages which stated in Code of Federal Regulations, 2000. However, during the sterilization of aseptic chambers or packaging material with H2O2, some residues will still be left on the packaging material or vapors generated during drying may get trapped inside the package upon sealing. These residues will then cause the degradation of vitamin C (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). An experiment was proposed by Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu to determine the rates of vitamin C degradation in orange juice with or without addition of H2O2 at various storage temperatures. In this experiment, the orange juice sample was thawed at room temperature and sodium benzoate was added to prevent spoilage. The degradation studies were done at H2O2 with 0.5ppm concentration at 20Â °C, 30Â °C and 40Â °C respectively. At regular time intervals, samples were removed from the water bath or incubator (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). Then, the predetermined amounts of diluted sodium hydroxide solution were added rapidly to the samples to halt the reaction between H2O2 and vitamin C. The samples were then rapidly cooled by plugging into an ice water bath and held at -30Â °C until analyzed for vitamin C content. Vitamin C concentration was measured by using HPLC method. Qzkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu had modified the method by blending the orange juice sample with metaphosphoric acid. The sample was filtered through a membrane filter and was analyzed using HPLC (Shimadzu brand) (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004).Vitamin C contents of orange juice were plotted for various temperatures at 0.5ppm H2O2 concentration which is shown in Figure 19 below. From Figure 19, the results show that at higher temperature, the rate of vitamin C degradation also increased. The addition of 0.5ppm H2O2 did not greatly increase the degradation of vitamin C. However, raising H2O2 concentration from 0.5ppm to 5ppm resulted in a tremendous increase in degradation rates which was recorded in Table 6. At 0.5ppm H2O2, the antioxidant substances in orange juice which was flavonols reacted with H2O2, thereby preventing the autoxidation of vitamin C. The protective mechanism of flavanols was mainly due to chelation of metal ions and action of antioxidant. Flavanols function as antioxidants by donating the hydrogen ions to reactive free radicals which may otherwise cause the autoxidation of vitamin C (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu also studied the degradation of vitamin C in the absence of H2O2. In this case, the activation energy, Ea was taken into account to determine the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The temperature dependence of the degradation of vitamin C in orange juice was compared by calculating Ea and temperature quotients (Q10) at 20Â ° to 40Â °C from the following equation: These results clearly indicate that the rate of vitamin C degradation in the presence of H2O2 was slower at 30Â °C to 40Â °C than 20Â °C to 30Â °C. This indicates that at 30Â °C to 40Â °C, the least effect of temperature rise on vitamin C degradation. The results obtained for Ea shows that higher Ea in the presence of H2O2. This means that higher energy needed for the degradation of vitamin C. Therefore, the reaction time is slower and the degradation of vitamin C also slower. As conclusion, the effect of temperature on the degradation rates of vitamin C in orange juice was more pronounced at higher H2O2 concentrations. Therefore, greater vitamin C losses should be expected as residual H2O2 concentration and storage temperature increase in aseptically packaged fruit juices (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). Effect of pH on the stability of vitamin C pH is a measure of acidity or basicity of a solution. pH is one of the primary factor that would affects the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. Hence, the pH value of the matrix has an influence on the stability of vitamin C. According to FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements, Bangkok, Thailand, 1998, the vitamin C will decay if the pH higher than 4 (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008). Vitamin C is unstable in neutral and alkaline environments, therefore the higher the pH value and the longer the exposure, the greater the loss of vitamin C. This is because the higher the pH value, the faster the oxidation reaction of vitamin C and causes the degradation of vitamin C. Besides that, the increase in pH also related to deterioration of fruit characteristic which in this literature review, orange juice is more concerned. Table 8 below shows the pH value of the fruit juice with storage time (Ajibola, Babatunde and Suleiman, 2009). In this Table 8, the pH values of the orange juice were higher at room temperature and keep increasing from week to week. This study concluded that, though pH was significant for the stability of vitamin C, it was not the sole factor in controlling the deterioration of vitamin C in orange juice with storage life (Ajibola, Babatunde and Suleiman, 2009). On the other hand, the loss of vitamin C activity during oxidative degradation of vitamin C occurs with the hydrolysis of the dehydroascorbic acid lactone to yield 2,3-diketogulonic acid. This hydrolysis is favored by alkaline solution. Dehydroascorbic acid is most stable at pH 5.5 but decrease in stability as pH increases which is more than pH 5.5 (Fennmena, 1996). For example, half-time values of dehydroasorbic acid hydrolysis at 23Â °C were 100 and 230 minutes at pH 7.2 and pH 6.6 respectively as shown in Figure 20. At pH 5.0 or below, dehydroascorbic acid was quite stable which decayed by less than 3% over 4 hours. This experiment evaluated the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on delactonization of dehyroascorbic acid over the range of pH 3.0 to pH 8.0. The possible influence of the presence of oxygen was done by equilibrating the reaction mixture before and during the incubation with 100% oxygen or with 100% nitrogen. The results indicated no change in the decay rate of dehydoascorbic acid was obvious with these alterations of atmospheric conditions. The rate of dehydroascorbic acid hydrolysis markedly increases with increasing temperature but was unaffected by the presence of oxygen (Bode, Cunningham and Rose, 1990). Other researchers had proposed a method to determine the effect of pH on the degradation of vitamin C in orange j